Conceptual literature in thesis

Needs some fore knowledge in research methodology and statistics to fully appreciate the you sure you want message goes er in soil and water engineering at lilongwe university of agriculture and natural we university of agriculture and natural you sure you want message goes l education expert/ national qualifications authority/abu al qualifications authority/federal government/abu t at western philippines g a conceptual g a conceptual framework soc401 research is a conceptual framework

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Deductive approach used in quantitative research researcher measures or observes variables using an instrument to obtain scores researcher defines and operationalizes variables derived from the theory researcher tests hypotheses or research questions from the theory researcher tests or verifies a g theory in a quantitative study placement advantages disadvantages in the introduction common approach; familiar to readers; conveys a deductive approach difficult for a reader to isolate theory base from other components of the research process in the literature review including theories in a literature review is a logical extension or part of the literature difficult for a reader to see the theory in isolation from the larger literature after hypotheses or research questions the theory discussion explains how and why variables are related may leave out an extended discussion about the origin and use of the theory in a separate section clearly separates the theory from other components of the research process, enables a reader to better identify and to understand the theory base the theory discussion is isolated and may not easily connect with other components of the research use in qualitative research

  • theory may be used as:
    • a broad explanation
    • a theoretical lens or perspective
      • feminist perspective
      • racialized discourse
      • critical theory
      • queer theory
      • disability inquiry
    • an endpoint, a theory that is generated
  • researcher may also choose not to employ theory in a qualitative study
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Quantitative research questions and hypotheses

  • write questions or hypotheses, not both
  • consider 3 approaches to the variables for a question or hypothesis:
    • compare groups
    • relate variables
    • describe responses
  • specify questions and hypotheses based on theory if possible
  • measure the independent and dependent variables separately
  • generally use demographic information as intervening variables
  • use consistent words and ordering for independent and dependent variables
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Qualitative research questions

  • ask 1-2 central questions and no more than 5-7 subquestions
  • these questions should:
    • relate the central question to the strategy of inquiry
    • begin with what or how
    • focus on a single phenomenon or concept
    • use exploratory verbs like discover or describe
    • avoid directional words such as affect or impact
    • evolve during the study
    • be open-ended without reference to the literature
    • specify the participants and research site (unless stated previously)
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Li>once the conceptual framework has been determined, the next for the researcher is to determine what research methods to employ to best answer the research problem through the proposed ch design depends on the nature of the data to analyzed.

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Aside from showing the direction of the study, through the conceptual framework, the researcher can be able to show the relationships of the different constructs that he wants to tual framework.

Inductive logic of research in a qualitative study researcher asks open-ended questions of participants or records fieldnotes researcher analyzes data to form themes or categories researcher looks for broad patterns, generalizations, or theories from themes or categories researcher poses generalizations, or theories, and compares to past experiences and literature researcher gathers of theory in mixed methods

  • mixed methods studies may:
    • include theory deductively (theory testing)
    • include theory inductively (an emerging pattern)
    • use a theoretical lens or perspective to guide the study
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Quantitative data – when your thesis problem requires numerical measurements of traits, trends, characteristics or attributes of the subject matter;

  • analysis leads researcher to:
  • depict what is typical and atypical among the data;
  • show the degree of difference or relationship between two or more variables;
  • cite your conceptual framework or paradigm;
  • identify your variables;
  • point out the dependent and intervening variables;